A man named Valentinus was martyred on February 14 late in the third century A.D.—this much we know. But when it comes to details about the life of St. Valentine, legend often supersedes fact. As you celebrate this Valentine’s Day, find out the truth about the man for whom the day is named, as well as some other intriguing facts about history's most romantic holiday.
1. The St. Valentine who inspired the holiday may have been two different men.
Officially recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, St. Valentine is known to be a real person who died around A.D. 270. However, his true identity was questioned as early as A.D. 496 by Pope Gelasius I, who referred to the martyr and his acts as “being known only to God.” One account from the 1400s describes Valentine as a temple priest who was beheaded near Rome by the emperor Claudius II for helping Christian couples wed. A different account claims Valentine was the Bishop of Terni, also martyred by Claudius II on the outskirts of Rome. Because of the similarities of these accounts, it’s thought they may refer to the same person. Enough confusion surrounds the true identity of St. Valentine that the Catholic Church discontinued liturgical veneration of him in 1969, though his name remains on its list of officially recognized saints.
2. In all, there are about a dozen St. Valentines, plus a pope.
The saint we celebrate on Valentine’s Day is known officially as St. Valentine of Rome in order to differentiate him from the dozen or so other Valentines on the list. Because “Valentinus”—from the Latin word for worthy, strong or powerful—was a popular moniker between the second and eighth centuries A.D., several martyrs over the centuries have carried this name. The official Roman Catholic roster of saints shows about a dozen who were named Valentine or some variation thereof. The most recently beatified Valentine is St. Valentine Berrio-Ochoa, a Spaniard of the Dominican order who traveled to Vietnam, where he served as bishop until his beheading in 1861. Pope John Paul II canonized Berrio-Ochoa in 1988. There was even a Pope Valentine, though little is known about him except that he served a mere 40 days around A.D. 827.
3. Valentine is the patron saint of beekeepers and epilepsy, among many other things.
Saints are certainly expected to keep busy in the afterlife. Their holy duties include interceding in earthly affairs and entertaining petitions from living souls. In this respect, St. Valentine has wide-ranging spiritual responsibilities. People call on him to watch over the lives of lovers, of course, but also for interventions regarding beekeeping and epilepsy, as well as the plague, fainting and traveling. As you might expect, he’s also the patron saint of engaged couples and happy marriages.
4. You can find Valentine’s skull in Rome.
The flower-adorned skull of St. Valentine is on display in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. In the early 1800s, the excavation of a catacomb near Rome yielded skeletal remains and other relics now associated with St. Valentine. As is customary, these bits and pieces of the late saint’s body have subsequently been distributed to reliquaries around the world. You’ll find other bits of St. Valentine’s skeleton on display in the Czech Republic, Ireland, Scotland, England and France.
5. Chaucer may have invented Valentine’s Day.
The medieval English poet Geoffrey Chaucer often took liberties with history, placing his poetic characters into fictitious historical contexts that he represented as real. No record exists of romantic celebrations on Valentine’s Day prior to a poem Chaucer wrote around 1375. In his work “Parliament of Foules,” he links a tradition of courtly love with the celebration of St. Valentine’s feast day–an association that didn’t exist until after his poem received widespread attention. The poem refers to February 14 as the day birds (and humans) come together to find a mate. When Chaucer wrote, “For this was sent on Seynt Valentyne’s day / Whan every foul cometh ther to choose his mate,” he may have invented the holiday we know today.
Geoffrey Chaucer might not look it but he's Mr Lover Man, sort of
6. You can celebrate Valentine’s Day several times a year.
Because of the abundance of St. Valentines on the Roman Catholic roster, you can choose to celebrate the saint multiple times each year. Besides February 14, you might decide to celebrate St. Valentine of Viterbo on November 3. Or maybe you want to get a jump on the traditional Valentine celebration by feting St. Valentine of Raetia on January 7. Women might choose to honor the only female St. Valentine (Valentina), a virgin martyred in Palestine on July 25, A.D. 308. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially celebrates St. Valentine twice, once as an elder of the church on July 6 and once as a martyr on July 30.
 To sum up the lesson students have to fill the sheet-papers;





02.03.2018   


                     Mother's day



დედის  დღე ყველაზე ლამაზი და გამორჩეული დღესასწაულია როგორც პატარებში ასევე მოზრდილებშიც.ამიტომაც დღევანდელი ჩვენი თემა სწორედ ამ ბავშვებისათვის საინტერესო თემას მივუძღვენით.მოსწავლეები გაეცნენ ამ დღესასწაულის დამკვიდრების ისტორიას,წაიკითხეს ადაპტირებული ნაწარმოები ----შეისწავლეს ახალი სიტყვები,შეავსეს კროსვორდები,ტესტები და ვიდეო მასალაზე დაყრდნობით განახორციელეს პროექტი.


Mother’s Day is a special day dedicated to celebrating significant people in our lives. The celebration of Mother’s Day has been influenced by many different cultures, time periods and women.
Mothers throughout history Mother’s Day, as we know it today, with breakfast in bed, cards and presents, is a relatively young event, but the celebration of mothers and mother-figures dates back to ancient times. 
Ancient times In ancient times, many cultures would celebrate a mother goddess whom they viewed as the mother of all. In ancient Egypt, Isis was worshipped as a mother goddess. Her son Horus was said to be the first of the Pharaohs. In ancient Greece, people worshipped Rhea, who was mother of the gods, and Gaia, the earth goddess. Festivals to celebrate mother goddesses were often held in Spring as this was viewed as a time of new life and fertility. New life and fertility were associated with women and mothers as they are the ones who give birth. An example of one such celebration was the Roman festival of Hilaria, honouring the mother goddess Cybele. In many countries around the world, Mother’s Day is still celebrated in Spring.

Mothering Sunday As time progressed, Christianity began to spread across Europe and England, incorporating some of the ancient festivals into its newer religious celebrations. During the 1600s in England, the fourth Sunday of Lent, a date close to the Roman Hilaria, became known as Mothering Sunday because early Christians honoured the mother of Christ (the Virgin Mary) on this day. People would also decorate their Mother Church (the church where they were baptised) with flowers and jewels. Soon, the Mothering Sunday celebration began to include the celebration of actual mothers. On this day, maids and servants were allowed to travel back home to visit their mothers. Traditionally they would bake a simnel cake, filled with spices and fruit, to take home to her. Families would feast and give small presents to their mothers.

The origins of Mother’s Day Mother’s Day, as we know it today, began in North America and was pioneered by two women: Julia Ward Howe and later, Anna Jarvis. Julia Ward Howe’s quest to create a holiday dedicated to mothers and peace began in 1870, a time of civil war in North America. Howe wanted mothers to come together to stop their sons from fighting against each other. However, Howe’s version of Mother’s Day only lasted a few years. In 1908, Anna Jarvis campaigned for an official Mother’s Day. Jarvis succeeded and was also responsible for making the white carnation (her mother’s favourite flower) a popular choice for giving on this day. Jarvis believed so strongly in Mother’s Day that she even left her job to commit herself to having it recognised throughout the United States. Her hard work paid off in 1914 when Mother’s Day was finally recognised nationally, with an official celebration date of the second Sunday in May. Mother’s Day soon became commercialised (used to make money) with card sellers and florists promoting their products as essential to Mother’s Day. Jarvis disagreed with this and was even arrested for protesting against the sale of flowers at a Mother’s Day event. She felt as though people had taken her pure holiday and were greedily trying to profit from it. Despite this, by the time of her death, Mother’s Day was being celebrated in over forty countries. Today, Mother’s Day is celebrated in over seventy nations around the world.




In Australia Mother’s Day in Australia is very much like the day Jarvis worked to create in the United States. However, in Australia we have our own special Mother’s Day guardian. Janet Hayden was a woman who lived in Sydney and often visited a friend in hospital. In 1923, while at the hospital, she was struck by the number of patients who were lonely, ageing mothers, and campaigned for people to donate presents to them. Schoolchildren and local businesses generously donated all sorts of goodies to the mothers.
Mother’s Day around the world
Sweden In Sweden plastic flowers are sold on Mother’s Day, with all the proceeds going towards mothers and their children who are in need.
India A ten-day festival called Durga Puja, which celebrates the mother goddess Durga, is often closely associated with the celebration of Mother’s Day.
The former Yugoslavia In the former Yugoslavia various family members are celebrated with a series of holidays, starting on Children’s Day, three days before Christmas. The following Sunday is Mother’s Day, and the next Sunday is Father’s Day.
Ethiopia There is no firm date for Mother’s Day in Ethiopia as it occurs when the rainy season ends. When the day finally arrives, families return home for a large feast and two or three days of celebration. Mothers and daughters rub butter into their skin and sing songs.
Australia In Australia we often treat our mum to breakfast in bed, or take her out to lunch at a lovely restaurant. Children often make their own Mother’s Day cards to give with some flowers, or perhaps a box of chocolates.



Mother’s Day fast facts 

 ------------ Can you say mother in any other languages? Mother is ‘Mère’ in French, ‘Mutter’ in German, ‘Madre’ in Italian and ‘Matka’ in Polish. Do you think it is a coincidence that these words all start with M? Not really, as in many languages the word for mother begins with the letter M. 
------------ It’s not just mothers who are celebrated, Japan has a National Children’s Day called ‘Kodomo no Hi’. Originally, this day celebrated only sons, but now both sons and daughters are celebrated.
 ---------- In France, during the years after World War I, December 19 was called ‘La Fête des Mères’. Mothers were awarded medals according to the number of children they had: • four or five children would win them a bronze medal • six or seven children would win them a silver medal • eight or more children and they would receive a gold medal. 
--------- During the 1920s and 1930s it was suggested that Mother’s Day and Father’s Day should be combined to form a Parent’s Day. Do you think this is a good idea?
 --------- This is amazing! The highest number of children born to one mother was to a woman who lived in sixteenth-century Russia. She had 69 children with her husband Feodor Vassilyev. They included sixteen pairs of twins, seven sets of triplets and four sets of quadruplets! 
--------- Did you know that August is the most common month for mothers to give birth to their children? 
---------- Every year, Australians spend about $1.36 billion on Mother’s Day and $660 million on Father’s Day! 
----------- If you do not have a mother, you can still use Mother’s Day to honour a special female in your life. This could be a relative, family friend, teacher or coach

 MOTHER’S DAY FACTS
★ Mother’s Day falls on the second Sunday in May and is a celebration of motherhood. ★ Mother’s Day is a day set aside to express love, respect and thanks to mothers. The day is observed by giving gifts, visiting, or taking mothers out for dinner and celebration. ★ Julia Ward Howe was the first person to suggest the observance of a Mother’s Day in 1872. The day was dedicated to peace. She held an annual meeting for several years in the city of Boston, Massachusetts for this observance. ★ In 1887, Mary Towles Sasseen, a Kentucky school teacher, began conducting Mother’s Day celebrations and in 1904, Frank E. Hering of South Bend, Indiana began a campaign for the observance of Mother’s Day. However, it wasn’t until Anna Jarvis, of West Virginia, began a nationwide campaign for its observance that the idea took root. ★ Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution of Congress recommending the observance of Mother’s Day by executive branches of the government on May 9, 1914. The following year, Mother’s Day was designated an annual national observance. ★ Many other countries of the world celebrate their own Mother’s Day at different times throughout the year. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia and Belgium also celebrate Mother’s Day on the second Sunday in May, as in the U.S.
★ There are 84 million moms in the U.S. ★ There are more phone calls made on Mother’s Day than on any other day of the year. ★ Mother’s Day is the third-largest card-sending holiday. ★ Mother’s Day is the busiest day of the year for restaurants.

Love, Respect and Thanks Mother’s Day is a day dedicated to the celebration of mothers and motherhood. It is a day to express love, respect and thanks to all mothers. Write a short letter to your mom to express how you feel about her.

"Mother carries the child in her womb for nine months and in her heart for the rest of her life". 

These few words sum up the meaning and significance of the word Mother. Mother is undoubtedly the most beautiful and lovable word in any language. This goes to show the importance of mother in our lives. Mother stands for millions of things she gives to her children; it also stands for sacrifices pain, grief and sorrows which she has to undergo to keep her children happy and secure. No joy can match the joy of a mother looking at her child, those craving eyes-deeper than a whole ocean. The most important woman in an individual's life is her/his mother. Her presence affects us our entire life and she can't be replaced by anyone.

Celebrated every year, Mother's Day is an occasion when individuals express their love and respect that they have for their mother. It's time to pamper her for all she has done for us over the years. On Mother's Day you can tell your Mom that she will always be important to you all and that you will continue to love her for ever. While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May.





                    22.04.2018


 Earth Day 



22 აპრილი,დედამიწის დღე 1970 წლიდან  აღინიშნება.ეს დღე სენატორმა გეოლორდ ნელსონმა მას შემდეგ დაარსა ,როცა სანტა ბარბარას საბადოდან ნავთობი დაიღვარა,რამაც ოკეანის დაბინძურება და წყლის ბინადართა განადგურება გამოიწვია.
http://youtube.com/watch?v=nV_t-wwiIA0







Earth Day is a day that was created to promote awareness and appreciation for the Earth’s environment and occurs each year on April 22nd. The first Earth Day was in 1970 and was founded by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (D-Wisconsin) as an environmental teach-in for school children.
Earth Day is a day that was created to promote awareness and appreciation for the Earth’s environment and occurs each year on April 22nd. The first Earth Day was in 1970 and was founded by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (D-Wisconsin) as an environmental teach-in for school children. 

·         Earth Day is a day that was created to promote awareness and appreciation for the Earth’s environment.
·         The first Earth Day occurred in 1970.
·         Earth Day occurs on April 22.
·         It was founded by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (D-Wisconsin) as an environmental teach-in for school children. He wrote letters to all of the colleges and put a special article in Scholastic Magazine to tell them about the special day he had planned.
·         Over 175 countries throughout the world celebrate Earth Day.
·         Earth Day is the largest, most celebrated environmental event worldwide.
·         The passage of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act are considered to be products associated with the 1970 Earth Day.



·         There is no governmental agency that is in charge of Earth Day, but many local and non-profit groups throughout the world help to organize events and activities.
·         Most schools have activities planned for Earth Day to help children realize how important it is to take care of the environment.
·         Many organizations celebrate Earth Day by picking up trash on the road side, cleaning up vacant lots, cleaning the banks of lakes and rivers, and making sure that beaches and parks are free from litter and debris.
·         The theme for Earth Day 2017 is Environmental and Climate Literacy’. The campaign seeks to educate people around the world about the causes and consequences of climate change and how they can help to lessen the effects.


·         Climate change describes a change in global climate patterns attributed largely to the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere produced by the use of fossil fuels.
·         Increasing the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere intensifies the greenhouse effect and causes global temperatures to rise. The greenhouse effect is the process by which heat in the Earth’s atmosphere is trapped by various gases called greenhouse gases.
·         These gases include carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, nitrous oxide e.t.c. Without the greenhouse effect the Earth would be 30 degrees cooler than it is today. Intensifying the effect by the addition of excess greenhouse gases leads to global warming.


·         Global warming is an increase in the overall temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. Global warming has severe consequences such as sea level rise, more frequent and powerful storms, drought and higher wildlife extinction rates.
·         Reducing the effects of global warming includes reducing fossil fuel use, conserving electricity, utilizing renewable energy technologies and replanting and protecting forests.










Twenty million people attended the event, which aimed to raise awareness of the fact that our planet's resources are finite and will not last forever. The first Earth Day also led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water and Endangered Species acts.
So what exactly should we be teaching kids on this illustrious day? That they are our future. That we must protect Mother Earth, our land, our resources — and truly take care of our planet. It's what keeps us alive, after all. We should teach them ways to do this every single day, from learning how to recycle and compost to cleaning up litter and protecting animal species and habitats.

Show them

Set an example for your kids with your actions. They won't care about the environment if you don't too. And all it takes are some small, easy adjustments to lead by example.
  • Help clean up litter.
  • Take recyclable materials to a recycling center (for more info on recycle do's and don'ts, visit Waste Management's website).
  • Compost at home.
  • Turn out lights when not in use.
  • Don't waste water.
  • Reduce fuel emissions by walking whenever possible.
  • Program the thermostat to be more energy-efficient.
  • Reuse and repurpose rather than using disposable items.



we have to help kids understand their actions do have an impact on the environment, there are plenty of ways to teach them — be it via magazines, books or movies. The following are great ways to start.
  • Movies about the environment: Classic movies for younger kids are Dr. Seuss' The Lorax and FernGully: The Last Rainforest. The Disney film Earth, released on Earth Day 2009, celebrates the natural wonder and beauty of the planet.
  • Documentaries: Luckily, Netflix has plenty of documentaries the kids will actually love watching with you, including BBC's Life, Hidden Kingdoms, Planet Earth IIand Chasing Ice.
  • Magazines: National Geographic frequently covers ecology topics. Consider a subscription to National Geographic Kids for younger kids.
  • Read a book: From younger kids learning the importance of recycling (Why Should I Recycle? By Jen Green, The Adventures of a Plastic Bottle by Alison Inches) to tweens learning about the environment through the eyes of a robot (The Wild Robot by Peter Brown), there are plenty of books that'll help get the message across.
  • YouTube: YouTube has plenty of videos that'll teach your kids about Earth Day, how to care for the environment, pollution and more.
  • Speakers at the local zoo, wildlife preserve and botanical garden: Online lists of U.S. zoos and U.S. botanical gardens will help you locate potential environmental family field trips.
  • Share eco-facts: Did you know you waste up to 5 gallons of water each time you leave the water running while brushing your teeth? That's a lot of waste! Find more eco-facts here.
  • Show them the kids already changing the world: Plenty of kids and teens are already making a difference in their communities, proving there is hope for the future — and reading about them might inspire other kids to do the same. Mother Nature Network has a fantastic list you can start with.

  • http://youtube.com/watch?v=ACaFPq9wOp4